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Ethereum Stake and Unstake 101
We take a look at expected times to participate in Ethereum staking.
July 3, 2023
5 min read

Ethereum Stake and Unstake 101

We take a look at expected times to participate in Ethereum staking.

Ethereum protocol times are measured in epochs, with 1 epoch being 384 seconds or around 6 and a half minutes. For ease of understanding, times based on these measurements have been translated roughly into minutes, hours and days.

Staking

  • Every signed transaction visits the Ethereum mempool first, which can be referred to as the waiting room for transactions. Here the pending time is unknown, and will depend on network status, chosen gas fee and priority fee.
  • Deposited - Once the transaction reaches the deposit contract (assuming it’s correct), the validator has a status of Deposited, meaning it has been accepted by the Execution Layer. At this point, the Consensus side is unaware of this deposit. Here there’s a waiting mechanism that is a legacy of our pre-Merge past, used to avoid the minuscule possibility of a chain reorg (might be removed in the future). The validator sits here for ~7 and a half hours.
  • Pending - Once the deposit agreement has been finally accepted by the Consensus Layer, it moves to Pending state, meaning it has been added to the “staking queue”. Ethereum only allows a small number of validators to start or stop validating at a time ~(2025* a day), to maintain stability of the validator set. This takes from at least 25 minutes but can extend depending on the queue; right now it’s ~6 weeks. Timing can impacted with churn rate changes, so this exact time might be slightly lower.
Pending Validators

 88,885 / 25

 Source: https://beaconcha.in/

  • Active - The validator is attesting to and proposing blocks. This is the state where you earn rewards!

Conclusion: Staking takes at least 8 hours, but it is very likely to take a lot longer as the demand to stake grows and more validators are added to the queue (the queue at the time of writing is 88,885 validators waiting). The waiting time right now is about a month and a half.

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Unstaking

  • Exiting - The validator is in the process of halting attesting to and proposing blocks. This means you have signed a valid voluntary exit or you’ve been slashed. Either way, you need to keep up your duties for now. When in exiting state, it means you’ve been added to the “withdrawal queue”. To move through this queue takes at least 25 minutesbut can extend depending on the queue; right now it’s 25.
Pending Validators

88,885 / 25

Source: https://beaconcha.in/

  • Slashing - Slashing is a very small risk in Ethereum, but for informational purposes, let’s talk about this state. The validator is in the process of halting attesting to and proposing blocks, having been caught violating some consensus rule. You still have to perform duties, but you will get kicked out of the set. You also move through the queue but you’ll need 36 days to access the funds to account for extra penalties.
  • Exited - The validator is no longer attesting or proposing, you are safe to disconnect the node clients. After exit there is one final delay of approximately 1 day before funds can be transferred to the withdrawal address.

Conclusion: Unstaking takes at least 25 minutes, but can vary depending on the withdrawal queue with a similar model as staking (the queue right now is 25 validators waiting and is expected to clear quite quickly). You also have a 1 day delay to access funds. So, all in all the waiting time right now is about 1 day.

* This number corresponds to the churn rate applied to the staking and withdrawal queues. For every 65,536 additional validators that are active on the Ethereum network, the number of new validators that can be activated per epoch increases by one, and the number of validator exits that can be processed per epoch also increases by one. Right now, the churn rate is 9.

News
Chorus One partners with Nexus Mutual to roll out industry-wide on-chain staking coverage
Chorus One is proud to partner with Nexus Mutual, the leading decentralised coverage provider, to introduce a range of staking coverage options for our customers.
June 29, 2023
5 min read

In the interest of safeguarding investors from potential staking penalties, Chorus One is proud to partner with Nexus Mutual, the leading decentralised coverage provider, to introduce a range of staking coverage options for our customers. As an industry leader, we are the first node operator to purchase on-chain staking coverage to protect our customers through Nexus Mutual’s innovative tokenised cover.

Our aim is to shield our diverse clientele—including custodians, trusts, enterprises, individuals, and others—from any risks associated with staking penalties, to ensure peace of mind and uninterrupted growth. This coverage reinforces Chorus One’s risk management strategies to proactively fortify our customers’ staked funds.

Complementary base cover on staked ETH

In light of our partnership with Nexus Mutual, we are pleased to offer complementary base coverage on Ethereum staked through OPUS for all customers until the end of 2023. Additionally, clients may opt for upgradable coverage on other networks supported by Chorus One upon request. For information regarding this promotion, or to explore coverage options for other networks, please reach out to us at staking@chorus.one.

Nexus Mutual

Nexus Mutual is a decentralised coverage protocol that allows its members to join and share risk. Members are empowered to purchase cover products that protect against various kinds of risks, including staking penalties like slashing. By leveraging their infrastructure, our clients can conveniently access cover, underwrite risks, manage claims, and build resilient risk management strategies through Chorus One.

How does it work?

Nexus Mutual’s tokenised cover permits Chorus One to acquire coverage for various digital assets, represented as ERC-721 NFTs. They offer transparent and auditable claims assessment, which can be accessed by anyone through the Nexus Mutual protocol on Ethereum. Storing data on-chain allows anyone to review Nexus Mutual’s history of claim decisions and payouts.

Unlike traditional insurance, claims are processed in a matter of days and payouts are redeemable as soon as a claim has been approved. Nexus Mutual provides an enhanced claims experience for our customers by eliminating the need for third-party involvement or delays. Additionally, the protocol is designed to reward honest behaviour and penalise fraudulent activities. Learn more about the claims design and how Nexus Mutual protects against fraud protection in their documentation.

What is slashing?

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) networks offer immense growth potential for blockchain transactions. However, not all PoS networks are equal, and they introduce new responsibilities and risks for token holders. One such risk is slashing, which involves penalising validators who engage in dishonest or inactive behavior on the network. Slashing can take different forms, such as losing a predefined percentage of a validator's stake or being completely removed from the network for the current epoch or permanently.

At Chorus One, we recognise the severity of such circumstances. That’s why our robust, on-chain coverage forms an integral part of our comprehensive risk management strategy, aiming to protect all of our clients. Stay tuned for an upcoming article where we will delve further into staking penalties and Chorus One's proactive risk management practices.

"When staking your ETH, even with the best technical set-up and expertise, mistakes can happen and slashing can occur. The most professional operators recognize this and put in place protection for their users. We're excited to work with Chorus One to make staking your ETH safer." - Hugh Karp, Founder, Nexus Mutual
"At Chorus One, security holds the utmost importance as we deeply value the trust and peace of mind it brings to investors. As responsible node operators, we prioritise establishing a solid foundation of trust with our investors, ensuring the safety of their assets. Through our partnership with Nexus Mutual, we aim to offer comprehensive protection against potential asset loss arising from staking penalties." - Vic Kaul, Business Development Lead, Chorus One

About Nexus Mutual

Nexus Mutual is a decentralised insurance alternative built on the Ethereum blockchain and the leading provider of crypto-native coverage. To date, Nexus Mutual members have protected more than $4.4b in crypto assets and have paid out $17.9m in claims. The mutual was created to give people a way to hedge against the unique risks in on-chain markets.

Learn more about Nexus Mutual by visiting nexusmutual.io.

About Chorus One

Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 40+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.

News
Chorus One partners with Nexus Mutual to roll out industry-wide on-chain staking coverage
Chorus One is proud to partner with Nexus Mutual, the leading decentralised coverage provider, to introduce a range of staking coverage options for our customers.
June 29, 2023
5 min read

In the interest of safeguarding investors from potential staking penalties, Chorus One is proud to partner with Nexus Mutual, the leading decentralised coverage provider, to introduce a range of staking coverage options for our customers. As an industry leader, we are the first node operator to purchase on-chain staking coverage to protect our customers through Nexus Mutual’s innovative tokenised cover.

Our aim is to shield our diverse clientele—including custodians, trusts, enterprises, individuals, and others—from any risks associated with staking penalties, to ensure peace of mind and uninterrupted growth. This coverage reinforces Chorus One’s risk management strategies to proactively fortify our customers’ staked funds.

Complementary base cover on staked ETH

In light of our partnership with Nexus Mutual, we are pleased to offer complementary base coverage on Ethereum staked through OPUS for all customers until the end of 2023. Additionally, clients may opt for upgradable coverage on other networks supported by Chorus One upon request. For information regarding this promotion, or to explore coverage options for other networks, please reach out to us at staking@chorus.one.

Nexus Mutual

Nexus Mutual is a decentralised coverage protocol that allows its members to join and share risk. Members are empowered to purchase cover products that protect against various kinds of risks, including staking penalties like slashing. By leveraging their infrastructure, our clients can conveniently access cover, underwrite risks, manage claims, and build resilient risk management strategies through Chorus One.

How does it work?

Nexus Mutual’s tokenised cover permits Chorus One to acquire coverage for various digital assets, represented as ERC-721 NFTs. They offer transparent and auditable claims assessment, which can be accessed by anyone through the Nexus Mutual protocol on Ethereum. Storing data on-chain allows anyone to review Nexus Mutual’s history of claim decisions and payouts.

Unlike traditional insurance, claims are processed in a matter of days and payouts are redeemable as soon as a claim has been approved. Nexus Mutual provides an enhanced claims experience for our customers by eliminating the need for third-party involvement or delays. Additionally, the protocol is designed to reward honest behaviour and penalise fraudulent activities. Learn more about the claims design and how Nexus Mutual protects against fraud protection in their documentation.

What is slashing?

Proof-of-Stake (PoS) networks offer immense growth potential for blockchain transactions. However, not all PoS networks are equal, and they introduce new responsibilities and risks for token holders. One such risk is slashing, which involves penalising validators who engage in dishonest or inactive behavior on the network. Slashing can take different forms, such as losing a predefined percentage of a validator's stake or being completely removed from the network for the current epoch or permanently.

At Chorus One, we recognise the severity of such circumstances. That’s why our robust, on-chain coverage forms an integral part of our comprehensive risk management strategy, aiming to protect all of our clients. Stay tuned for an upcoming article where we will delve further into staking penalties and Chorus One's proactive risk management practices.

"When staking your ETH, even with the best technical set-up and expertise, mistakes can happen and slashing can occur. The most professional operators recognize this and put in place protection for their users. We're excited to work with Chorus One to make staking your ETH safer." - Hugh Karp, Founder, Nexus Mutual
"At Chorus One, security holds the utmost importance as we deeply value the trust and peace of mind it brings to investors. As responsible node operators, we prioritise establishing a solid foundation of trust with our investors, ensuring the safety of their assets. Through our partnership with Nexus Mutual, we aim to offer comprehensive protection against potential asset loss arising from staking penalties." - Vic Kaul, Business Development Lead, Chorus One

About Nexus Mutual

Nexus Mutual is a decentralised insurance alternative built on the Ethereum blockchain and the leading provider of crypto-native coverage. To date, Nexus Mutual members have protected more than $4.4b in crypto assets and have paid out $17.9m in claims. The mutual was created to give people a way to hedge against the unique risks in on-chain markets.

Learn more about Nexus Mutual by visiting nexusmutual.io.

About Chorus One

Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 40+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.

News
Qredo x Chorus One: Providing Enhanced Staking Accessibility
Qredo and Chorus One partner to enhance staking accessibility and security, offering users a seamless and secure self-custody staking experience.
June 20, 2023
5 min read

We're proud to announce that Qredo, a premier self-custody protocol and platform, has joined forces with Chorus One to expand staking accessibility for investors. From seamless staking to enhanced security measures, this partnership aims to empower users with a secure and efficient staking experience.

What is Qredo?

Qredo offers institutions and traders a secure way to store assets while maintaining complete control. Through their unique distributed multi-party computation (dMPC) technology, users can confidently take custody of their own digital assets and readily engage with the DeFi ecosystem on a trusted, institutional-grade platform.

Stake to Chorus One through a Qredo Wallet

As part of the partnership, Chorus One's OPUS users can now directly stake and unstake multiple crypto tokens through Qredo Wallets. This eliminates the complexities associated with managing multiple wallets and platforms, making staking more accessible to a broader range of investors.

Key benefits of staking with Chorus One for Qredo customers:

  1. Highest Rewards: Qredo customers staking with Chorus One through OPUS can earn the highest staking rewards available. Chorus One's extensive research in MEV extraction and optimization strategies ensures that investors can maximize their yield potential.
  2. Real-time Rewards Data: Qredo customers gain access to a single dashboard where they can conveniently track their staking rewards across multiple chains in real-time. This comprehensive overview enables informed decision-making and efficient management of staking activities.
  3. Network Expertise: Chorus One's close collaborations with blockchain networks during their early stages provide valuable insights and advice on tokenomics, staking, and best practices. By staking with Chorus One, investors can tap into this network expertise, receive ongoing support, and achieve faster time-to-market with infinite scalability.
  4. Convenience and Security: Chorus One takes care of the technical complexities on the backend, allowing customers to start staking with ease. Leveraging a mix of hardware security models and slashing protection mechanisms, Chorus One ensures the utmost security of the staking nodes. Notably, Chorus One has maintained a flawless track record with no incidents of slashing.

The Qredo-Chorus One partnership garners strengths of both entities, empowering investors with a seamless and secure staking experience. By combining Qredo's innovative self-custody solutions with Chorus One's expertise in institutional staking, individuals and institutions can confidently participate in staking activities while maximizing their rewards and maintaining full control over their assets.

"Chorus One's OPUS shines brilliantly in the realm of staking. The potential to simplify staking for both individual investors and institutions is truly remarkable. We look forward to complementing OPUS with our secure self-custody solution, and firmly believe that this collaboration will bring immense value to our shared customers."

– Josh Goodbody, Chief Operating Officer, Qredo

"Qredo's robust self-custody solution is a valuable addition to OPUS. This partnership strengthens the security foundation of OPUS, empowering our customers to enjoy a frictionless and secure staking experience. We are truly excited about this partnership and the continuous collaboration between Chorus One and Qredo's products."

– Vic Kaul, Business Development Lead, Chorus One

To learn more about OPUS and how to get started, visit: https://chorus.one/staking-api-opus

About Qredo

Qredo is a leading provider of institutional-grade digital asset self-custody solutions. The company's distributed multi-party computing (dMPC) technology provides a secure and regulated environment for users to store, transfer, and manage their digital assets.

About Chorus One

Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 40+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.

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