For decades, Switzerland has been revered as a global hub for finance.
Driven by a commitment to maintain its prominence in the financial sector, this alpine nation has actively fostered an environment that nurtures innovation in digital assets. We delve into Switzerland's notable strides in attracting leading blockchain companies that are shaping the landscape of digital asset innovation.
Switzerland, renowned for its precision and innovation, stands as a beacon of stability, security, and support in the realm of digital assets. At present, Switzerland's Crypto Valley, encompassing Zug, Zurich, Lugano, and Geneva, has cultivated a thriving ecosystem for digital assets, hosting over 1,000 companies, including 9 unicorns, and boasting a combined valuation of around $185 billion. The impressive figures speak for themselves.
Source: https://www.cvvc.com/insights#top50
Now, what is it about Switzerland that entices an ever-growing number of blockchain firms?
At the core of Switzerland's ecosystem lies the esteemed Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA), which plays a pivotal role in shaping the digital asset landscape by providing clear guidelines and frameworks. In 2018, FINMA issued ICO guidelines, establishing a solid foundation of regulatory clarity and setting the stage for Switzerland's digital asset endeavors. The introduction of the Swiss DLT legal framework in 2021 further solidified Switzerland's pioneering position by enabling collective and segregated custody of digital assets. Switzerland's regulatory environment fosters innovation and attracts businesses seeking stability and support. This regulatory oversight also presents significant advantages for non-custodial companies like Chorus One.
Switzerland's regulatory prowess, lauded by Ilya Volkov, Board Member at Crypto Valley Association and CEO of Youhodler, lies in its rational and sensible approach. A key merit, Volkov notes, lies in Switzerland's well-defined and precise classification of securities, which helps prevent the confusion experienced in the US with certain cryptocurrencies. The country's early implementation of the EU Transfer of Funds Regulation (TFR) as the Travel Rule further exemplifies its proactive and forward-thinking regulatory stance.
A structural advantage of Switzerland's regulatory structure is that FINMA is the sole regulatory body covering nearly all crypto services (banking, ICO, staking, trading and money transmission). This unification prevents turf wars between regulators. Contrast this to the US system where different regulators - the SEC, CFTC, FinCEN and the state financial regulators - control different aspects of crypto services. When rule-making is fractured across different bodies, turf wars emerge - which regulator has jurisdiction over what element of the new industry. Turf wars in the US have trapped the crypto-industry into spending way more effort into lobbying and lawyers, than is merited by the small size of the industry.
Switzerland is also unique in having issued banking licenses to new “crypto-banks”. These banking licenses enable crypto-organizations to offer crypto custody, staking, crypto structured products and other services, while also benefiting from the brand stability provided by such a license. This move is unique in the world, where contrasting examples (like the US) are actively curtailing crypto-friendly banks. Infact, our private conversations with Swiss banking partners indicate that 2023 has been an excellent year for Swiss crypto-banks, as they are the only institutions that could capitalize on the failures of SVB, Silvergate and Signature Bank in the US.
According to Volkov, Switzerland's regulatory edge also extends to asset tokenization, enabling businesses to issue shares easily in token form and embracing NFTs for Intellectual Properties. This clarity propels Switzerland to the forefront of such initiatives globally. As a result, the country experiences a continuous surge in crypto adoption. Major players like AXA and Atupri accept crypto payments, while Crypto-ATM expansion and the availability of crypto purchases in post offices and Kiosks contribute to Switzerland's crypto-friendly ecosystem.
Tomas Matta, Chorus One’s Chief Financial Officer, highlights Switzerland's business-friendly approach when working with regulators and tax authorities. This means that authorities are open to engaging in dialogue, particularly in uncertain or unregulated areas.
A notable example is Switzerland's approach to Value Added Tax (VAT) for staking providers. Tax authorities in general might struggle with new aspects and complexity that blockchain transactions such as staking rewards introduce, which can often lead to a fiscally suffocating environment for companies (planning to be) active in these spaces. The Swiss tax authorities have a progressive approach by investing time and effort to adequately understand the technologies and transactions, being open to dialogues with different parties and finding solutions. This transparency and room for dialogue, coupled with low corporate taxes, have fostered a diverse ecosystem of digital asset-only banks, traditional financial institutions, and service providers offering a range of services such as custody, trading, and staking.
Another hidden advantage for Switzerland, in matters of tax policy, is that the nation doesn't not levy capital gains taxes on assets for private investors, unless those gains are derived from short term professional trading. Hence, private investors are able to take full benefits of huge booms in crypto asset prices during bull markets.
Another driving factor in the prominence of Crypto Valley is the existence of a very unique collaborative mindset. This is heralded by ecosystem builders who drive and build interconnection each day such as CV Labs of which Fabiola Luna Huerta is ecosystem manager. She outlines that “Companies, academics, federal institutions and a supportive business environment collaborate - offering expertise, networks and shared access which is particularly vital when new stakeholders enter’. Fabiola also highlights that “Crypto Valley ranked No1 in CoinDesks recent ranking of Global crypto Hubs, it had the highest ranking in the two heaviest weighted criteria overall, regulatory structure and quality of life”. Currently we have over 1135 blockchain related companies in the Valley and the number keeps growing as Switzerland is one of the best places in the world to set up, make connections, live freely and work smart with global talents in a decentralized way.
"Switzerland placed No1 in the Crypto Hubs 2023 rating by CoinDesk. This result is not an overnight miracle but the sustained work of multiple stakeholders building the Swiss ecosystem over the past 10 years”. - Fabiola Luna Huerta
The Swiss Digital Asset Custody Report 2023 serves as a testament to Switzerland's prowess, showcasing the extensive depth and breadth of this ecosystem. Among the 34 identified providers, established players like Bitcoin Suisse and Crypto Finance stand alongside emerging forces such as Berner Kantonalbank (BEKB). Traditional Swiss financial institutions like Luzerner Kantonal Bank have also embraced the digital wave, expanding their custody services for digital investment products and propelling a remarkable surge in offerings.
(Illustration: Increase in digital asset institutions in Switzerland 2022 vs 2023)
Switzerland's home to numerous network foundations and collaborative peers like Interchain Foundation (Cosmos), Ethereum, Near, Aragon, Bancor, Solana, 21Shares, Aave, Curve, and others further facilitates the collaboration among like-minded innovators in the region.
While Switzerland’s dedication to embracing blockchain-based technology has propelled it to the forefront of crypto regulation, European rivals are eagerly vying for a position in the market.
Liechtenstein has had its DLT legal framework in place for several years, and countries like Malta, Germany, France, and Luxembourg are also taking steps to embrace digital assets. In the summer of 2021, Deutsche Börse's majority stake acquisition in Crypto Finance from Switzerland demonstrated the German stock market's commitment to establishing an institutional and regulated crypto exchange. France, as one of the first countries to regulate the use of blockchain/DLTs, issued the PSAN (Prestataires de Services sur Actifs Numériques), a comprehensive framework for digital assets. Earlier this year, the European Parliament approved the MiCA Law, representing the EU's first regulatory framework to monitor and regulate crypto-asset transfers. MiCA’s positive impact is already apparent, with significant developments such as Deutsche Bank's application for a Digital Asset Custody License from Bafin.
Nevertheless, Switzerland's independence from the regulatory confines of the European Union grants it the agility and freedom to swiftly adapt and embrace a progressive approach to governing the sector. Additionally, the close ties that many Crypto Valley companies have with the EU equip them with the necessary expertise to navigate regulatory changes efficiently, building upon their prior experience with regulatory clarity. Consequently, the Swiss nation is poised to maintain its leading position in Europe by spearheading regulatory advancements in the digital asset realm.
As the global regulatory landscape for cryptoassets undergoes transformations in both major and emerging economies, the concerted efforts of esteemed financial centers, including Switzerland, in establishing frameworks that attract and promote the thriving crypto economy serve as compelling evidence that digital assets have solidified their status as an institutional asset class.
Moreover, Switzerland's allure extends beyond its regulatory advantages. With a neutral, stable social climate, a consistent political system, robust infrastructure, reputable universities, and an exceptional quality of life, it stands as a sophisticated destination of choice for global stakeholders.
A heartfelt thank you to Ilya Volkov, Board Member at Crypto Valley Association and CEO of Youhodler, and Fabiola Luna Huerta, Ecosystem Manager at CV Labs, for sharing their valuable insights on Switzerland's alluring digital asset ecosystem.
About Chorus One
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 40+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.
The staking economy is a thriving industry, offering over $12 billion in rewards, with $600 million attributed to Maximal Extractable Value (MEV). At Chorus One, we deeply recognize the significance of MEV for both validators and investors, which has fueled our commitment to continuously optimize our infrastructure to ideally integrate with the Ethereum MEV pipeline.
MEV serves as a gateway for validators to maximize the value extracted from transactions within a block. As early as 2019, the research paper "Flash Boys 2.0," authored by Ari Juels and Lorenz Breidenbach, shed light on its real-world impact, particularly in decentralized exchanges and user experiences. The cumulative value of MEV extracted on Ethereum alone surpassed $78 million in early 2021 and has skyrocketed to an astonishing $600 million in 2023.
MEV has become a cornerstone of Chorus One's research efforts. As one of the earliest and most influential contributors to MEV research, we conduct in-house studies and experiments to optimize MEV yield. Notably, we were commissioned by dYdX to produce an in-depth report on MEV within dYdX v4, and released the first public tracker of (pre-protorev) MEV on Osmosis (@chorusonemev). Furthermore, we have developed a customized version of the Solana client to capture MEV opportunities on the Solana network.
To achieve the highest possible MEV yield, employing effective infrastructure strategies is paramount. At Chorus One, we conduct a series of experiments to identify the most efficient combination of strategies, aiming to optimize our MEV performance. Below, we delve into the fundamentals of MEV extraction, exploring the solutions we implement to improve our performance.
In general, MEV empowers block producers to rearrange, include, or exclude transactions, providing advantages that can impact users. However, there is a subtle distinction in how MEV operates on Ethereum compared to other blockchain networks.
On Ethereum, the process involves a 'block builder' constructing the block, which is then passed on to a 'relay' before being proposed by a validator. This Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS) introduces a separation between the block producer and the proposer. As an Ethereum validator, Chorus One focuses on optimizing MEV rewards by fine-tuning our interaction with relays.
Conversely, on most other chains, validators themselves build the block and have the freedom to prioritize transaction sorting to maximize MEV rewards.
We continuously optimize our infrastructure to capture the highest possible MEV rewards.
The following graph illustrates our performance over a 60-day period. Over this time period, Chorus One nodes have captured close to 14% more MEV rewards per validator (ETH) when compared to the weighted industry average, observed on Lido.
*Please note that this is a snapshot, and that MEV rewards fluctuate as a function of variance and market conditions. Please visit Rated Network to view the latest figures.
This process of continuous infrastructure optimization highlights the significance of employing a combination of well-established best practices to achieve higher MEV rewards. By utilizing specific methods in tandem, validators can effectively maximize their MEV yield. More on this below.
Before diving into Chorus One's approach, we briefly explore the process of extracting MEV. It involves key players with distinct roles:
Block Producers: They create blocks of transactions on the blockchain, deciding which transactions to include and their order.
Relays: A relayer is an entity responsible for checking blocks before passing them to the block producers. The relay confirms the builder blocks for validity and estimate the MEV-related value of each block. By tweaking how block producers/validators interface with relays, they can add value by optimizing MEV rewards.
Searchers: These individuals or automated bots constantly monitor the blockchain, searching for profitable opportunities to manipulate transaction order and earn additional profits through MEV.
DApps and Protocol Developers: Decentralized applications (DApps) and the developers who create rules for block producers support MEV extraction. DApps create opportunities for MEV extraction through their design, while protocol developers establish rules that enable block producers to capture MEV.
In simpler terms, block producers create blocks,relays check the blocks, searchers seek ways to profit by manipulating transaction order, and DApps and protocol developers provide the framework and incentives for MEV extraction.
Validators often employ similar solutions to increase rewards and actively seek optimization opportunities. For instance, MEV-Boost, an implementation of proposer-builder separation (PBS) developed by Flashbots for Ethereum, enables validators to maximize staking rewards by selling block space to builders in an open market.
MEV-Boost is free, open-source, and neutral software designed to democratize MEV while minimizing associated negative implications, such as consensus-layer security risks, centralization, or the risk of searchers going rogue. For more information on MEV-Boost software, visit https://boost.flashbots.net.
MEV plays a significant role in yield generation on networks like Ethereum, and as a result, our nodes are MEV-boost enabled by default.
With a team of in-house experts, we continuously adjust our infrastructure to optimally integrate with the Ethereum MEV pipeline.
1. Relay Selection
Relays are crucial intermediaries in the MEV extraction process, acting as trusted connectors between block builders and validators. Their primary role is to facilitate seamless data exchange and ensure the selection of the most lucrative bids for validators. We continuously conduct experiments to identify the optimal combination of relays (as shown in the relay market dashboard below) , aiming to establish efficient communication and achieve the highest valid bid submission to validators.
Our approach: By carefully selecting the best relays, we enable our validators to receive winning bids from all connected relays.
2. Latency Games
Exploring the dynamics between builders, relays, and validators is even more interesting with a new dimension: time.
Latency, the delay in data transmission, has gained significant importance for relays and the entire MEV supply chain, leading to notable consequences. It acts as a centralizing force within the MEV supply chain, with relays having shorter latency likely to be more successful in auctions. This preference encourages builders to prioritize sending their blocks to those relays.
Our approach: We optimize our connection to relays when requesting blocks by prioritizing payoff and minimizing the probability of a missed slot.
3. Infrastructure Optimization
On the infrastructure and hardware front, we prioritize optimizing the performance of our validators. Through the strategic selection of hardware, geographical distribution, and client implementation, we ensure that our infrastructure operates at its peak efficiency. This optimization enhances the rewards generated for our customers.
Our approach: We are actively investing in and expanding our infrastructure to further elevate performance and rewards.
TL;DR: More rewards, more revenue.
Through our unique solutions and ongoing research, we continuously push the boundaries to enhance the rewards obtained through MEV. Today, our MEV-boost enabled nodes capture significantly higher APR on staked ETH, surpassing the yield of the average validator.
To learn more about our approach to MEV, visit: https://chorus.one/mev-maximum-extractable-value
To stake with Chorus One, reach out to staking@chorus.one and we'll get back to you.
About Chorus One
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 45+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.
We take a look at expected times to participate in Ethereum staking.
Ethereum protocol times are measured in epochs, with 1 epoch being 384 seconds or around 6 and a half minutes. For ease of understanding, times based on these measurements have been translated roughly into minutes, hours and days.
88,885 / 25
Source: https://beaconcha.in/
Conclusion: Staking takes at least 8 hours, but it is very likely to take a lot longer as the demand to stake grows and more validators are added to the queue (the queue at the time of writing is 88,885 validators waiting). The waiting time right now is about a month and a half.
88,885 / 25
Source: https://beaconcha.in/
Conclusion: Unstaking takes at least 25 minutes, but can vary depending on the withdrawal queue with a similar model as staking (the queue right now is 25 validators waiting and is expected to clear quite quickly). You also have a 1 day delay to access funds. So, all in all the waiting time right now is about 1 day.
* This number corresponds to the churn rate applied to the staking and withdrawal queues. For every 65,536 additional validators that are active on the Ethereum network, the number of new validators that can be activated per epoch increases by one, and the number of validator exits that can be processed per epoch also increases by one. Right now, the churn rate is 9.
Blockchain has revolutionized various industries by offering decentralized, secure, and transparent systems. However, challenges such as privacy and scalability have emerged as significant concerns. This article explores how Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) can address these challenges and shape the future of Web3 technology.
What are zk-Proofs?
Zero-Knowledge Proofs are cryptographic protocols that allow a party to prove knowledge of a certain fact without revealing any information about it. In other words, they enable verification of the truthfulness of a statement without disclosing the underlying data. ZKPs were introduced by Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Charles Rackoff in the 1980s. However, it wasn’t until the development of the ZK-SNARK protocol in 2014 by a team of researchers led by Eli Ben-Sasson, that ZKPs gained significant attention for their potential applications in various fields, including the crypto space.
There are different types of Zero-Knowledge Proofs, each serving specific purposes:
Enhancing Privacy and Scalability
Zk- proofs have a profound impact on privacy. By using ZKPs, users can prove the validity of their transactions or data without revealing the sender, recipient, or the transaction amount. This feature enhances anonymity and confidentiality, making blockchain systems more appealing for applications where privacy is crucial, such as financial transactions, healthcare records, identity management, and secure voting systems..
ZKPs also enable scalability improvements by reducing the amount of data that needs to be processed and stored by blockchain nodes. This is achieved through a process called ‘batching’, where multiple transactions are combined into a single proof, reducing the computational load on the network. For example, ZKSync Era, a trustless Layer-2 protocol, is a zk rollup that scales Ethereum by using cryptographic validity proofs to provide scalable and low-cost transactions. In zkSync, computation is performed off-chain and most data is stored off-chain as well. However, all the transactions are still verified and validated on the Ethereum mainchain, ensuring that users have the same level of security as they would with regular Ethereum transactions.
The Challenges
Despite their potential, zk-Proofs face several challenges:
The Future Outlook of ZKPs
Looking ahead, we can expect advancements in zk technology that address the current challenges Some potential developments include:
ZKP’s offer a promising solution to the privacy and scalability challenges faced by current Web3 technologies. By enabling secure, private transactions, they pave the way for a future where decentralized applications can thrive while protecting user data. While challenges exist, ongoing research continues to enhance the efficiency, scalability, and usability of ZK technology, shaping the future of blockchain and its potential impact on other industries.
Our 2023 Q1 Quarterly Insights dives deeper into the different applications of zk-Proofs, presenting an introduction to the problems being tackled in the frontier. It also focuses on specific use cases, shedding light on notable teams building innovative projects that take advantage of zero-knowledge. Check it out here.
About Chorus One
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 40+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.
We’re proud to announce our partnership with Fordefi, a leading MPC wallet platform and web3 gateway that enables institutions to seamlessly connect to dApps across networks, while securing their digital assets. This partnership facilitates Chorus One’s OPUS customers to stake and unstake multiple tokens using the Fordefi wallet inside OPUS.
The Fordefi wallet
Fordefi’s wallet is a secure solution designed to provide enhanced security and privacy for users' digital assets through MPC (Multi-Party Computation) technology. The MPC wallet employs a distributed key generation process, where each key share is created separately and is held by different parties. This ensures that no single entity has access to the complete private key, mitigating the risk of single points of failure or attacks.
Additionally, Fordefi's wallet provides users with enhanced security against various attack vectors, including private key theft, collusion attacks, and web attacks.
Going forward, Chorus One’s OPUS users will be able to stake and unstake across numerous chains using Fordefi’s wallet, thus leveraging its security features.
OPUS
OPUS is Chorus One’s universal staking solution that allows institutions to stake quickly across multiple chains and earn high rewards while having complete control over their assets. It is aimed at expediting institutions' staking activities, streamlining the staking process, and enabling them to enjoy the benefits of higher rewards, increased efficiency, reduced costs, and unparalleled flexibility.
Key Benefits of using OPUS
“Fordefi's cutting-edge DeFi-focused wallet empowers institutions to stake with unparalleled confidence, fortified by advanced layers of security. Together, we’re committed to making staking accessible for a broader audience.” - Felix Lutsch, Chief Commercial Officer, Chorus One
“Chorus One’s expertise in the industry offers a new level of staking excellence for our institutional customers. We’re thrilled to empower our users with seamless access to staking and unrivaled opportunities in DeFi. ” - Josh Schwartz, CEO and Cofounder, Fordefi
About Fordefi
Fordefi’s MPC wallet platform and web3 gateway enables institutions to seamlessly connect to dApps across networks, while keeping digital assets secure. Fordefi is the first institutional wallet and security platform purpose-built for DeFi. Fordefi was founded in 2021 by crypto custody and cybersecurity experts, and designed in close collaboration with crypto industry-leading trading firms, funds and custodians. Fordefi’s mission is to enable institutions to securely hold digital assets and safely transact in decentralized finance.
About Chorus One
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 40+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.
Lido has been at the forefront of Ethereum staking, offering a secure and efficient platform for users to stake their ETH and earn rewards. With the Lido V2 mainnet upgrade, the protocol takes a major step forward, addressing key challenges and paving the way for a more robust and decentralized ecosystem.
We’ve distilled everything you need to know about the upgrade - and why it’s so significant in the ETH staking ecosystem.
Lido V2 brings two vital components to the Lido protocol: withdrawals and the staking router.
Benefits
Impact on Ethereum Staking
The Lido V2 upgrade positively impacts the Ethereum staking landscape:
Following the successful on-chain vote and the launch of Lido V2 on the Ethereum mainnet, the market responded with enthusiasm. Following the announcement, the Lido DAO token (LDO) experienced a 10% price rally , reflecting the market's recognition of the significance of the upgrade and its potential impact on Ethereum staking.
Lido’s V2 mainnet marks a significant milestone for the Lido protocol and Ethereum staking as a whole. With the introduction of in-protocol ETH withdrawals and the innovative staking router, it empowers users, promotes decentralization, and strengthens the overall Ethereum ecosystem. As institutional interest in staking continues to grow, Lido's advancements align perfectly with this trend.
For more insights on the exponential growth of institutional interest in staking and Ethereum, check out our recent blog: https://chorus.one/articles/beyond-shapella-a-look-at-the-growing-appeal-of-eth-staking
You can now stake ETH with a few simple clicks using OPUS, Chorus One’s bespoke staking solution. Choose the amount you’d like to stake, earn rewards, and retain full control over your nodes throughout the entire process. Read more about all the features OPUS offers here, and to get a free demo visit: https://chorus.one/institutional-staking
About Chorus One
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 40+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures. We are a team of over 50 passionate individuals spread throughout the globe who believe in the transformative power of blockchain technology.
The second chapter of our Q1 2023 Quarterly Insights comprehensively examines the evolution of shared security in PoS networks. It delves into the various strategies employed by different networks to implement shared security, shedding light on the incentives and risks involved. This article distills the key takeaways from our research, offering a succinct summary of the various approaches to shared security.
What is shared security?
Shared security is a form of improving the safety of a blockchain by using resources from other blockchains. It works similarly to merge mining in PoW networks, where miners use one blockchain to mine another.
To make this concept work, there needs to be at least one blockchain providing security and another one using it. The system must allow for penalties if either blockchain misbehaves, usually by reducing their stake.
Use Cases
There are two key motivations behind the concept:
Different approaches to shared security
Rollups
Rollups, or ‘Layer 2s’ are shared security solutions that take execution off the main chain to scale computation and memory while keeping settlement on the Layer 1 chain.
Essentially, Rollups democratize execution by offering a fully compatible environment for easy application deployment and value transfer, but lower transaction cost. They guarantee security through smart contracts deployed on the Layer 1 to store transaction data, monitor state updates, and track user deposits.
There are two types of rollups: Optimistic and Zero-knowledge (ZK)
*A State Transitions is a change in the overall state of the network, which can occur when a user sends a transaction that updates the state of their account or interacts with a smart contract that changes the state of the network.
Eigenlayer
EigenLayer is a protocol built on Ethereum that allows users who hold ETH or ETH liquid staking tokens to restake their tokens and earn additional rewards. Restaking involves users giving their tokens to a service, which uses the tokens to secure its own network and other networks.
However, by doing so, users take on the risk of being slashed if they act maliciously according to the rules set out in the service's slashing contract.
EigenLayer uses the slashing contract to determine whether a user has acted maliciously and to slash their tokens accordingly. The protocol is currently on testnet and has recently raised $50 million in a Series A funding round led by Blockchain Capital, with participation from Coinbase Ventures and Polychain Capital.
ICS: replicated and mesh security
Replicated security, a system that first went live on the Cosmos Hub in March 2023 as the initial version of the Interchain Security protocol (“ICS”), allows other Cosmos chains to apply to get the entire security of the Cosmos Hub validator set.
In other words, by participating in ICS, a consumer chain can leverage the security of the Cosmos Hub validator set to ensure that its own blockchain is secure. This is done by having the validators of the Cosmos Hub also run the code of the consumer chain, and being subject to slashing for any downtime or fraudulent behavior.
However, there are some challenges with this approach, such as scaling issues and the potential for poor performance if the validator set of a consumer chain secured by multiple providers grows too large.
To address these challenges, a new approach called Mesh Security was proposed by Sunny Aggarwal, the CEO of Osmosis. Mesh Security allows for delegators on the provider chains to re-delegate their tokens to validators on the consumer chain's own validator set, without any additional overhead. This means that operators who already run nodes for both the provider and consumer chain can be delegated more voting power on the consumer chain, resulting in an approach that is similar to what EigenLayer is proposing for Ethereum.
Babylon
Babylon is a project that aims to improve the security of Cosmos zones and other PoS chains by using the security of Bitcoin. It is made up of three components:
Babylon operates by receiving streams of transaction data checkpoints from multiple PoS chains and then combines these checkpoints into a single stream which is posted to Bitcoin. To achieve this, it uses the IBC (Inter-Blockchain Communication) protocol to trigger a transaction sent to the miners. This transaction is added to the Bitcoin ledger, effectively timestamping the events occurring in other blockchains through a process known as ‘checkpointing’.
Currently, Babylon is on testnet, and 13 Cosmos zones are experimenting with it.
Overall, shared security aims to improve decentralization of applications and increase the cost of corruption of lower value networks. However, despite its advantages, shared security also carries inherent risks. It can compromise decentralization, opening doors to higher levels of contagiousness during stress scenarios. Additionally, it may introduce risks to smart contract implementations, as users may lose their tokens due to factors outside of the base protocol layer.
Read the full, in-depth analysis of shared security at https://chorus.one/reports-research/quarterly-network-insights-q1-2023 .
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 40+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures. We are a team of over 50 passionate individuals spread throughout the globe who believe in the transformative power of blockchain technology.
The Shapella Upgrade was completed in April, marking a significant event for both Ethereum and the entire crypto industry. This upgrade combined changes to both the Execution Layer (Shanghai upgrade) and Consensus Layer (Capella upgrade), allowing for the withdrawal of staked ETH and any accumulated staking rewards.
Shapella was a major stride towards greater flexibility and accessibility in staking on the Ethereum network. With the ability to withdraw staked ETH and rewards, the pivotal event galvanized institutional interest in the second-largest cryptocurrency by market value.
In this article, we’ll explore how the Shapella upgrade has sparked increasing interest in ETH staking among institutional investors, and why this trend is expected to continue.
A look back…
Let’s start by examining how we arrived at the current situation and why withdrawals were not enabled during the Ethereum transition from Proof-of-Work (PoW) to a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism.
The Ethereum network transitioned from Proof-of-Work (PoW) to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism in two stages, starting with the launch of the Beacon Chain, followed by the Merge. During this time, staking withdrawals were not enabled to ensure network security and reduce the risk of failure. Validators were able to exit, but customers could not unstake their staked ETH.
Despite knowing they would be unable to withdraw their ETH for some time, the initial network participants contributed millions of ETH to secure the Ethereum PoS network.
To ensure the upgrade went smoothly, it was implemented without any downtime. And the focus was solely on making this transition as seamlessly as possible. As a result, no other features or changes were added at that time. The goal was to minimize the chances of anything going wrong and to keep the Ethereum network running smoothly for all its users. ETH withdrawals were not enabled, until Shapella.
Why Institutions hesitated to stake ETH before Shapella
Prior to Shapella, staking ETH involved significant risks due to uncertainty surrounding withdrawals. This made institutions hesitant to stake their assets, as they needed quick access to them if necessary.
In fact, despite ranking second in market cap, only 15% of the total ETH supply was staked, a remarkably lower percentage than other tokens such as Solana, which has over 70% of its total supply staked.
Another reason for the lack of institutional participation in ETH staking was the general unclear regulatory stance regarding digital assets globally.
For instance, in late 2021, the SEC sent Kraken, one of the largest US exchanges, a Wells notice regarding its staking services. According to the SEC, Kraken's staking service constituted a security offering and required registration with the Commission. Kraken disagreed with the SEC's position and argued that staking fell outside its jurisdiction and was not a security offering. Despite its stance, Kraken suspended its staking services for US customers due to concerns over the regulatory environment and uncertainty surrounding the SEC's position on staking.
As a result, institutions feared that what happened to Kraken would apply to all staking providers, although Kraken's situation was a one-off and would not affect someone who staked their assets through a trusted non-custodial staking provider like Chorus One.
Here's why a situation like this is unlikely to happen to a non- custodial staking provider or validator like Chorus One:
The Silver Lining: Why ETH staking is more appealing to Institutions post-Upgrade
Since Shapella, the level of staking is on an upwards trajectory, despite shaky grounds.
The amount of ETH being staked has been steadily increasing, with large amounts of capital being locked up to earn 4 to 5% yields in ETH.
Source: Dune Analytics
Approximately 655k ETH ($1.2M) has been deposited since the upgrade, with the ‘largest weekly token inflow in ether staking’s nearly two-and-a-half-year history’ seen just two weeks following Shapella. The surge was largely driven by enterprise-grade staking providers and institutional investors seeking to reinvest their rewards following withdrawal.
At the time of writing, there are approximately 19M staked ETH, and deposits continue to surpass withdrawals.
The growing amount of staked ETH is a promising indicator for the adoption and security of Ethereum. Now that yields are available, institutional investors are likely to be even more interested in staking ETH. In fact, there has already been a strong influx of institutional interest in ETH futures following the upgrade, indicating positive staking momentum among larger investors who are looking to increase their revenue.
Additionally, the first week of May 2023 saw a surge in staked ETH deposits as investors raced to stake their tokens with validators. According to Nansen, over 200,000 ETH was deposited into the network, marking the first time since Shapella that deposits outpaced withdrawals. This recent surge has resulted in over 19 million ETH being locked for staking, which accounts for about 15% of the total circulating supply of ether.
Shapella benefits institutions by providing them with the opportunity to get liquidity on their staked ETH and earn a yield of 4% or more while participating in securing the network. It essentially derisks staking, which increases the intrinsic value of the asset and makes Ethereum even more attractive to institutions. This reduction in perceived risks associated with staking makes it more likely for risk-averse holders to consider staking, which could bring more institutional investors to Ethereum staking.
In conclusion, the Shapella upgrade sparked significant positive changes to the Ethereum network - particularly in terms of staking - and paved a secure way for institutions to get involved in supporting the growth of the network.
As a leading staking provider, Chorus One is dedicated to making the staking process easier, secure, and compliant for our customers. Our multi-chain staking solution, OPUS, is safe, secure, and compliant, making it easy for institutions to start staking with a few simple clicks. Learn more about OPUS here and contact us at staking@chorus.one to learn more about how we can help you get started.
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 40+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures. We are a team of over 50 passionate individuals spread throughout the globe who believe in the transformative power of blockchain technology.
