The bull cycle of 2021/2022 was largely defined by decentralized application platforms that provide an alternative to Ethereum experiencing adoption and growth within their ecosystems. All these platforms have one thing in common: they need operators commonly called validators actually running the underlying infrastructure to enable the applications built on them to be usable.
Most importantly, there should be enough independent operators for such a network to be considered sufficiently (politically) decentralized, to avoid a subset of parties being able to shut down applications, censor transactions, or in other ways impede the credible neutrality of the platform.
A core belief within Chorus One is that the increasing adoption of decentralized applications will lead to further networks springing up; a directional trend that can be observed looking at the growth of application-specific chains, e.g. in Cosmos, the pioneering and leading ecosystem of this approach (via the Cosmos SDK and IBC), which is also being pursued by similar initiatives in other ecosystems (e.g. Avalanche subnets, Polygon supernets, Substrate chains on Polkadot). Notably, in recent months, some of the most used applications including decentralized derivatives trading platform dYdX confirmed and NFT juggernaut Yuga Labs hinted at plans to launch their own application-specific blockchain.
Given these forces on the network supply side, the demand and competition for professional operators are growing and protocol designers need to think about how to incentivize validators to join their ecosystems — as opposed to a “build it and they will come” mentality.
The following post aims to provide an insight into existing strategies and criteria for network foundations to foster decentralization and create a healthy validator set via stake delegation programs.
As mentioned, a key tool in the toolbox of network foundations, who generally are endowed with a decent portion of the underlying protocol’s staking token and the mandate to grow the ecosystem, is the ability to distribute the stake to independent validators. Crucially, here we are not talking about giving tokens directly to validators through e.g. validator-specific investment rounds or incentivized testnets, which are other viable strategies to create alignment. Rather, we talk about delegating foundation tokens to validators based on some sort of evaluation. This mechanism can be used to continuously reward operators that add value enabling them to build a stake in the network via commission rewards. This cannot be underestimated as both a bootstrapping mechanism for validators to join your network and as a mechanism to reward valuable contributions, as well as continued participation and performance.
In the following table, we aim to highlight some of the different criteria choices providing examples of existing foundation delegation strategies that can be taken into consideration. We also look at two exemplary liquid staking protocols, another interesting party with similar goals to a protocol foundation that has been innovating on establishing methods of how stake is distributed among their validator sets.
Furthermore, most programs also institute a maximum fee that validators are allowed to charge. Notably, it can be observed that some liquid staking protocols actively try to minimize validator fees as their main product is the APY of their liquid staking token.
Finally, it is also interesting to note which programs are carried out in an automated fashion on-chain, which is spearheaded e.g. by Solana stake pools and Polkadot’s 1,000 validator program (see links below).
Once aligned on the desired criteria, you’ll need to decide on the frequency and how to communicate the criteria, how people can take part, and how decisions will be communicated. We recommend using a mailing list for upgrade communication and Discord or Telegram for active discussion. We have collected some critical resources from other delegation programs at the end of this post for inspiration.
An alternative to delegation programs that some networks opt for is to run foundation nodes themselves, a practice that we would largely discourage or at least try to limit for early phases of the network in which some additional control of the foundation might be necessary or in some minor fashion to ensure the network’s validator software and surrounding process are useable. At scale, this practice takes away the chance for validators to truly become a part of the network and will ultimately result in a centralized, and thus pointless, network.
Well-designed stake delegation strategies are a powerful bootstrapping mechanism to get independent operators interested in your decentralized network. In addition, they can serve as a mechanism to continuously reward valuable contributions such as community engagement and open-source tooling.
In this post, we touched upon why delegation programs are needed, the underlying goals, and what criteria can be used to conduct them. There is a lot of work to be done evaluating the effectiveness and improving and innovating on delegation strategies we have introduced here.
Chorus One is an experienced staking provider active on over 30 networks actively investing in the ecosystem and helping networks from conception to launch and beyond. We have also written about other tools, including incentivized testnets. We encourage builders launching their application-specific blockchains and researchers interested in this space to get in touch with us through ventures(at)chorus.one
Solana Foundation
Interchain Foundation
Web3 Foundation
Tendermint Team
Lido
Marinade
Terraform Labs
Celo Foundation
Socean
e-Money
Avalanche is an open-source platform for deploying decentralised applications in a highly scalable environment. Avalanche takes a ‘network of networks’ approach to scaling and contains from the get-go a smart contracts platform designed for global finance, with near-instant finality. The network infrastructure allows applications to maintain sovereignty on their own “subnet”, while tapping into the Avalanche mainnet for interoperability with other subnets. Ethereum developers can easily build atop Avalanche via the EVM-compatible C-Chain. Through its novel Avalanche Consensus Protocol, Avalanche is able to scale capabilities to a processing capacity of 1,500 TPS (transactions per second) in the C-chain and upwards of 4500 TPS in the X-chain. In summary, Avalanche presents a revolutionary technology both in consensus and horizontal scaling design via subnets.
The main novelty of Avalanche is its approach to scaling, which involves the concept of subnets. A subnet is a set of Avalanche validators and the assignment of one or more blockchains for these validators to validate. There is a mainnet, or Primary Network, which consists of all Avalanche validators and that are assigned the P-chain, X-chain and C-chain to validate. As mentioned before, the C-chain is the smart contracts chain that is EVM-equivalent. The X-chain is an UTXO DAG-based chain specially tailored for high-speed asset transfers. The P-chain is perhaps arguably the most important one as its job is to maintain the coordination of validators and delegators on all subnets.
Other subnets are therefore subsets of the mainet validators that are assigned additional blockchains to validate. The reasoning behind this design decision is brilliant: Instead of having one chain accomplish everything in the Avalanche ecosystem, each “sub” blockchain can specialize for a certain use case.
In the meantime, the platform is expanding and enabling developers to launch their own customizable blockchains. Distributing activity over several chains keeps the Avalanche platform dynamic and flexible, enabling it to meet the blockchain’s trinity of decentralisation, security, and scalability.
Avalanche delivers even more in terms of technology by regularly releasing open-source code in the form of VMs ready to be picked up by projects looking to jump in in the subnet movement. @DeFiKingdoms is an example of a live subnet.
Other projects in Avalanche may soon start to shift to the subnet environment. For instance, liquid staking via BenQi (sAVAX) with three more solutions coming up: Lido on Avalanche, LAVA, and Eden Network + YieldYak. There is also a competitive DeFi landscape which may do the same, with TraderJoe (DEX), Platypus (stable swap), Aave (lending) and many others.
Becoming a validator in Avalanche requires expertise and a bonded stake. It would be troublesome if being a validator on the Avalanche network was free since a bad actor might start a large number of nodes that would be queried often. A node must bond (stake) something valuable in order to become a validator (AVAX). The more AVAX bonds a node has, the more often that node is requested by other nodes. A node’s sampling of the network is not uniformly random. It is rather weighted by stake quantity. Nodes are encouraged to be validators because they get a reward if they are sufficiently accurate and responsive when validating. Chorus One behaves in this way, helping to secure Avalanche. Users can delegate to Chorus One to and share the rewards.
Validating Rights: The weight of validators is determined by the amount of staking tokens bonded as collateral.
Token distribution and inflation of 9.2%.
Reward Rate: Rewards are paid out at expiracy of the validation contract provided the validator uptime as seen by the network is above 80%.
Chorus One Commission: 2%
Staking Limits: The maximum weight of a validator (their own stake + stake delegated to them) is the maximum of 3 million AVAX and 5 times the amount the validator staked. For example, if you staked 2,000 AVAX to become a validator, only 8000 AVAX can be delegated to your node total (not per delegator)
Slashing: No slashing. A validator will receive a staking reward if they are online and respond for more than 80% of their validation period, as measured by a majority of validators, weighted by stake. You should aim for your validator be online and responsive 100% of the time.
Re-Staking: You need to withdraw rewards and re-stake them with some frequency if you want to make use of compounding returns hence, additional delegation is needed for compounding.
Staking Guide: To read a step-by-step guide on how to stake AVAX, click here
Covalent is a protocol that collects data from various blockchain networks. Covalent attempts to gather granular information stored inside smart contracts that isn’t available with current technologies by completely indexing whole blockchains and accessing their data via a single API. In this way, Covalent wants to help developers have a better grasp of the whole blockchain ecosystem. Users will even be able to incorporate private business data after all blockchain data is indexed.
Covalent is gradually decentralizing and that will allow the Covalent Network to be owned and controlled by its users with the use of the CQT token:
Covalent is already demonstrating a wide range of applications. From taxation, where a trader can immediately obtain a CSV file of their transaction data, to NFTs, where NFT applications like ChainGuardians and Ethermon are now employing the Covalent API to not only enable innovative features unique to each project but also to enhance user experience.
To provide broader access to blockchain data, multiple roles such as validators, block-specimen producers, indexers, storage request responders, and others are required for data retrieval, storage, and query procedures. Learn more about them here. Covalent brings a great value to web3 developers and users and we’re excited to contribute as Block Specimen Producers, ensuring the accuracy of the distributed data.
About Staking on Covalent:
Validating Rights: The weight of validators is determined by the amount of staking tokens bonded as collateral.
Inflation and Distribution ($1Bn CQT):
- Seed: 10 %
- Ecosystem: 20%
- Private sale: 20.4%
- Private sale II: 2.9%
- Public sale: 3.4%
- Team: 14.4%
- Advisors: 2%
- Reserve: 18.9%
- Staking: 8%
- There will be a 2% inflation per year for 4 years.
Reward Rate: The amount of CQT that is rewarded per epoch (24 h). Learn more about staking CQT here.
Chorus Commission: 7.5%
Withdrawal Delay: 28 days for delegators and 6 months for operators.
Staking Limits: There is a ratio (currently 6:1, it will be upgraded to 10:1 in the short term, then up to governance) determining how much delegation an operator can receive on their own stake, ensuring operators have skin in the game. In addition, there are max. stake limitations in place to avoid centralization and to ensure the network grows in conjunction with its maturity.
Slashing: Currently, there is no slashing on the Covalent Network. Until slashing is live, network operators who produce Block Specimens with invalid proofs won’t receive rewards.
Re-Staking: Delegating is non-custodial. While CQT is held in the staking contract, it is only the owner of the respective staked CQT that can interact with it.
Evmos is aligning developer and user incentives to bring Ethereum-based apps and assets to the interoperable networks of the Cosmos ecosystem.
Evmos is an EVM-compatible Cosmos SDK blockchain allowing developers to have all of Ethereum’s desired features while also benefiting from Tendermint fast finality and other benefits that a custom Cosmos SDK blockchain brings. Evmos is connecting the Ethereum and Cosmos ecosystems via a bridge to Ethereum and by utilizing the Inter Blockchain Communication Protocol (IBC).
Evmos is built on Tendermint Core, which depends on validators like Chorus One to commit blockchain blocks. These validators participate in the consensus mechanism by broadcasting cryptographically signed votes. Validator candidates can stake their own tokens and have others “delegate” them. The EVMOS is Evmos’ native token. You can stake with us to share our rewards. Evmos launches with 150 validators. The top 150 applicants with the largest stake become Evmos validators.
Executing the Tendermint consensus protocol will yield validators and delegators Evmos as block provisions and tokens as transaction fees. Initially, transaction fees will be paid in EVMOS, however, in the future, any Cosmos token can be used if whitelisted by governance. Validators establish a commission on delegate fees as an incentive. Token holders are responsible for steering and governing the network, including e.g. determining applications that should be incentivized with EVMOS tokens.
As previously stated, the dApps that will be available on Evmos can include everything currently on Ethereum and beyond. For example, AAVE is expected to be launched on Evmos. The introduction of Aave on Evmos will allow for an increase in user activity while also filling the demand for a dependable lending protocol on Cosmos. The core team also stated that they are currently working with Chainlink to implement Aave V3 functionality before the mainnet launch later this month. Other examples of applications on Evmos include NFTs and decentralized exchanges — such as Diffusion or Exswap.
Validating Rights: The weight of validators is determined by the amount of staking tokens bonded as collateral.
Inflation and Distribution: Over the first four years the newly minted tokens will be distributed, at each block, in the following way:
There will be no limit on token minting. Over 300M EVMOS will be coined in the first year and 1 billion in the first four meaning inflation after network launch is high.
Reward Rate: 7 seconds block production distributes the rewards. Variable APY (at the time of writing above 500%, check the official dashboard for current values)
Chorus One Commission: 5%
Target staking rate: 50%
Withdrawal Delay: 2 weeks, no rewards are earned during this time
Slashing: A validator missing more than 95% of the preceding 10,000 blocks will result in a slashing of 0.01%
Re-Staking: Manual, must be withdrawn from accrual pool
Additional details: Coinbase guide
Stargaze needs little introduction, it is setting the pace for NFT marketplaces in the Cosmos ecosystem. Stargaze is a network that has built an NFT marketplace from the ground up, including designing a new NFT standard (via a module) for the Cosmos SDK ecosystem that will eventually be interoperable across IBC. What’s unique about Stargaze versus other NFT marketplaces is the fact that the same currency (STARS) will be used to bid and sell as well as to secure the underlying network, which creates entirely novel economics that have not previously been seen before.
It is unlikely Stargaze will host NFTs that mimic other ecosystems such as Ethereum. Users can expect totally new collections to drop on Stargaze that combine elements that might be too computationally expensive to use in other networks. In fact, Stargaze solves many existing problems in NFT marketplaces that exist today. We have previously released a whole article on the different types of problems that Stargaze solves, such as centralised curation, bad security, difficult workflows, limited flexibility, high fees, scams, intransparency of contracts & royalty restrictions, which can be read here. In general, what makes Stargaze a powerful proposition is its unparalleled security, decentralisation, transparency and flexibility. Users, creators and curators will be able to maneuver NFTs like never before in Stargaze as it brings in a new level of fairness and fun to the Cosmos NFT ecosystem.
Stargaze launched Mainnet Phase 0 on October 30th 2021, launching the network with 0% initial inflation. Stargaze Mainnet Phase 1 occurred between December 16 — December 18 2021 to offer early adopters the chance to purchase STARS in Osmosis via a Liquidity Bootstrapping Pool (LBP). Our Research Analyst, Xavier Meegan, described the economics of LBPs to educate those in the Cosmos ecosystem about the benefits of LBPs, which can also be consumed for Cosmos LBP events in the future. The construction of the STARS / OSMO LBP was a first-of-its-kind, as Stargaze proposed to borrow OSMO to kickstart the initial STARS / OSMO pool weights. The borrowed OSMO was returned at the end of the LBP when STARS / OSMO weights hit 50/50 and STARS achieved price discovery. Stargaze Phase 2 was completed on Jan 1 2022 when it successfully started minting new STARS after the passing of governance proposal #2 to activate inflation for the network. As a part of Stargaze’s Mainnet Phase 3, Stargaze announced 25% of their token supply will be ‘fairdropped’ to ATOM and OSMO stakers + to Stargaze validator delegators on Cosmos, Osmosis & Regen as a part of their Mainnet Phase 3. By the conclusion of Stargaze Mainnet Phase 3, the fairdrop would have been completed and the Stargaze NFT marketplace fully-live ready for anyone to trade on.
We’re excited to be able to contribute to securing Stargaze to propel a new era for NFTs in the Cosmos ecosystem. Stargaze is unleashing unmatched economic freedom for creators, stellar incentives for curators and superior security for NFT traders and we look forward to contributing to its future success.
Stargaze is built using Cosmos SDK. Users can delegate their STARS to Chorus One using a wallet, such as Keplr.
Validating Rights: The weight of validators is determined by the amount of staking tokens (STARS) bonded and/or delegated as collateral.
STARS Inflation: 35% in year 1, issuance is reduced by 1/3rd every year after that
Reward Rate: Rewards from staking STARS will vary depending on the inflation and total amount of tokens that are staked at a given time. As of time of writing, the APR is ~120%. Learn more about the details of staking reward rates for chains built using Cosmos SDK here.
Chorus Commission: 5%
Withdrawal Delay: After withdrawing, your staked funds will only become accessible after the unbonding period (usually 21 days) has passed.
Slashing: You can get slashed (loss funds) in case the validator you are delegated to commits an offense. Make sure to do due diligence to minimize this risk.
Re-Staking: You need to withdraw rewards and re-stake them with some frequency if you want to make use of compounding returns.
2021 was an incredible year for Proof-of-Stake. As a major staking provider, we are keen to explore new ways to give back to our delegator community that enables us to pursue our mission to advance the staking ecosystem. For this reason, we decided to initiate the first NFT airdrop to our Solana delegators (see also the official announcement post covering the basics and our reasoning for the ‘Reaction’ drop). In this post, we want to expand on our collaboration with CoherenceNFT going deeper into the background of this initiative and on how our snapshot of on-chain data is impacting the generated art.
After Uniswap’s initial $UNI airdrop, there have been many further iterations to reward initial users and to bootstrap a community of dedicated users. While some airdrops currently try to form a community based on on-chain activity without much of a product (see $SOS and $GAS), others are trying to bring valuable users into their communities; this can especially be seen in the Cosmos ecosystem. Here, Osmosis led the way by airdropping a large portion of tokens to valuable Cosmos community members, an example many others are following, a recent ambitious example being the Evmos Rektdrop. As a validator, we found ourselves in a slightly different situation. We already have a sizable community of delegators earning rewards on their staked assets with us and we wanted to give them something unique to thank them for their support while working towards a larger goal.
We realised that NFTs could serve as a gateway for our ambitions to form an engaged community enabling us to reward our most valued supporters in a crypto-native way. Ultimately, we aim to weave NFTs — including the Reaction drop — into our products and services in creative ways. Stay tuned and hold onto your Reaction NFTs to get access to unique benefits as we explore the possibilities enabled by them!
We decided to begin in the Solana ecosystem, to which we attribute a lot of our success and which has a flourishing NFT ecosystem and low fees; uniquely enabling our initial concept: a large-scale NFT airdrop that is using on-chain data to create art with differing rarities based on our delegators’ profiles. We took a snapshot of the stake accounts delegated to the Chorus One public validator on Dec 8th, set a threshold for delegations of above 0.1 SOL, and aggregated addresses with multiple stake accounts. This resulted in 3,600 unique NFTs which we — in collaboration with CoherenceNFT — decided to further break down into 9 rarities. The NFTs differ in qualities depending on their rarity. This applies to the colours used, which range from new stakers which are coloured in Chorus One greens, to medium duration stakers that are coloured in Solana’s brand colours, to long-term stakers that receive a mix of both. In a similar fashion, the thickness of the lines used in the artworks depends on the amount of stake going from thin for lower amounts of stake to thick for large stakers. The chosen parameters resulted in the distribution illustrated in the image below.
Conclusion
We are thrilled to have started our foray into NFTs and are looking forward to expanding this effort and engaging with various other web3 tools complementing our services. Stay in the loop by jumping onto our Discord, Telegram or showing us your NFTs on Twitter. And while you do that, why not consider staking with us too? Who knows, you could lay your hands on another surprise NFT in the future!
We want to thank CoherenceNFT for this collaboration and are looking forward to engaging with other artists and projects in the NFT space in the future!
I’m excited to work with Chorus One to grow the Solana NFT community by creating an asset to expand the benefits offered to Chorus One stakers. More companies entering the NFT space are making NFT utility and adoption a reality. I’m hoping a broader and more diverse set of businesses and creators are inspired by this to make use of blockchains as a way to fulfil their visions. From a creative point of view, it was really challenging and inspiring to use a new creative mode, where I had to design in advance to reward different ranges of users according to the desired characteristics of the Chorus One team
CoherenceNFT
Today, we are excited to announce that we are airdropping 3600 NFTs to all of our Solana delegators that stake more than 0.1 SOL with us. We have teamed up with CoherenceNFT to work on Chorus One’s first-ever venture into NFTs. Solana addresses that are eligible for the airdrop can be found here. We took a snapshot of all delegators that stake more than 0.1 SOL with us on 08-Dec-2021 at 10:58:37 AM UTC.
To the best of our knowledge, ‘Reaction’ is the first-ever large-scale validator NFT drop. We thought surprising our Solana delegators with a gift in the form of NFTs would be the perfect start to the new year.
We decided to drop Chorus One NFTs to reward different clusters of delegators that have chosen to stake with us since the inception of Solana Mainnet-Beta. These NFTs will be used to give their holders an on-chain identity. In 2022, we will use these identities to personalise our validator services via a variety of reward tiers. We will be giving our delegator community exclusive utility related to Chorus One’s services and beyond. In future, we will have another post outlining how NFT rarities were determined and the impact rarities have on utility.
For those who are reading this and wondering why we’re only rewarding our Solana delegators - don’t worry as our NFT strategy will be multi-chain! We have decided to reward our delegator community on Solana first because it is our most important network that also happens to be the home of a vibrant NFT community. However, we have active plans to reward delegators on other networks with NFTs in the near future as we want to ensure as many of our delegators as possible are rewarded for choosing to stake their assets with us. It is also not too late to stake SOL with us on Solana, as it’s likely that we will continue future NFT drops for our Solana delegators — we want to reward newcomers too!
The drop of ‘Reaction’ is just the beginning of our web3 strategy. We are looking forward to experimenting with web3 and NFTs by making use of on-chain data in ways never done before by a staking provider. For example, we have just announced a collaboration with Portals, a metaverse in the Solana ecosystem. Initiatives like this will play an integral part in supporting our mission to advance the Proof-of-Stake ecosystem by helping to get people interested in securing decentralized networks such as Solana.
Vega is a protocol that lets users create and trade derivative financial products. The goal of Vega is to spawn new markets with innovative financial products created by users. Currently, the creation and consumption of derivatives is limited to very few users in certain markets, but Vega aims to expand the access of these products to underbanked users who would otherwise be excluded from these markets. Vega aims to do this by providing a comprehensive and decentralized financial suite where users can build out these derivatives in permissionless and non-custodial manner.
This brings forward two questions: How do people create markets on Vega? And what sets Vega apart from other blockchain based derivative trading platforms?
To answer the first question, Vega offers a custom made smart product language which provides a simple toolkit with economic primitives for users to create their markets. There is also a risk model that comes with this toolkit that manages and quantifies risk for leveraged trades and markets, this brings financial security to permissionless market creation. Stakers of Vega will have to approve every market that goes out through governance before it is launched.
Apart from straightforward market creation, Vega sets itself apart by having a wide range of collateral assets from all major blockchain ecosystems; and having innovative liquidity incentives for market creation. For every market created, there has to be market makers providing liquidity. Vega has a dynamic model for fees on each market based on the amount of liquidity of the market, thus incentivizing market makers to provide liquidity to under-provided markets.
Validating Rights: The weight of validators is determined by the amount of staking tokens (VEGA) bonded as collateral. There is a reward cap in place that lowers rewards for validators controlling more than 20% of the network’s stake.
Reward Rate: Rewards from staking VEGA will vary depending on the amount of VEGA tokens distributed as rewards and total amount of tokens that are staked at a given time.
Chorus Commission: 11.7% (initial network-wide Vega commission)
Withdrawal Delay: After withdrawing, your staked funds will only become accessible in the following epoch (targeted to be 24h on Vega). When starting to stake, your stake will become active in the upcoming epoch, i.e. up to 24h after your transaction went through.
Slashing: In the immediate term, there are no plans to implement slashing on Vega.
Re-Staking: Rewards in VEGA are being distributed every 3 epochs (days). You will need to re-stake rewards with some frequency if you want to make use of compounding returns.
Vega Explorer:
https://token.vega.xyz/staking
Vega Restricted Mainnet Announcement: https://blog.vega.xyz/what-to-expect-from-restricted-mainnet-616086d9fdaf
Vega Staking Guide:
https://blog.vega.xyz/staking-on-vega-17f22113e3df
