We’re proud to launch our liquid staking pool on Stakewise v3, enabling individuals to stake any amount of ETH and benefit from Chorus One’s enterprise-grade staking infrastructure and industry-leading MEV yields! Additionally, staking on Chorus One’s pool enables users to un-stake at any time, or utilize their staked ETH capital throughout DeFi. You can start staking with on Chorus One’s pool here .
We're also introducing exclusive Private Vaults tailored for our institutional clients and investors who desire a dedicated liquid staking solution. These personalized Vaults come with individual agreements, ensuring user assets remain distinct and aren't mixed with other Vaults.
Additionally, in the upcoming months, we plan to deepen our collaboration by seamlessly integrating our public Vault into our Staking Dashboard. This integration will make it incredibly easy for OPUS customers to access liquid staking and mint osETH, enabling them to participate in the DeFi space effortlessly. Stay tuned for more updates!
Below, we dive into some of the key details about Stakewise and how you can start staking ETH on Chorus One’s Vaults.
Stakewise v3 represents the latest version of the Stakewise protocol, announced by the Stakewise DAO in 2022.
V3 was conceived to tackle the issue of stake centralization, a significant challenge impacting the security and well-being of Ethereum. Setting up Ethereum validators has traditionally been complex for node operators, with factors like the 32ETH minimum requirement, technical and hardware demands, and the risk of financial penalties for validator mistakes. Consequently, there has been a decline in solo stakers engaging in individual ETH staking. Many have opted to outsource validator operations to commercial node operators, who possess the expertise, hardware, and security measures required to establish validator nodes for individuals and organizations with 32 ETH.
Stakewise v3 tackles this challenge by elevating its existing liquid staking solution, introducing mini staking pools referred to as "Vaults." These Vaults empower individuals, node operators, or organizations to effortlessly launch their own nodes, mint staked ETH (osETH) tokens against those nodes, accept delegations, or delegate any amount of ETH across multiple nodes to mitigate network concentration.
Importantly, each Vault or mini Pool is entirely agnostic to the configurations set up by its operator. This means that the operator can fully customize its vault according to its own design, allowing users to select a vault based on features that best suit the depositor. Whatever client solutions, KYC features, MEV relays the entity wishes to run are under their control, resulting in a diverse marketplace of staking solutions for users to explore and choose from.
Moreover, users can establish private pools, allowing deposits only from addresses whitelisted by the Vault Operator. This ring-fences the Vault, ensuring that staked assets are not co-mingled with funds from other Vaults.
We've covered everything you need to know about how Stakewise v3 works and its use cases for solo stakers, institutions, DeFi users, and commercial node operators in this guide. Check it out!
For investors
Previously, staking ETH was restricted to investors and institutions with a minimum of 32 ETH. They could delegate validator maintenance responsibilities to an experienced node operator like Chorus One, known for its enterprise-grade staking infrastructure.
By staking on Chorus One’s Pool on Stakewise v3, anyone with any amount of ETH can now access the same infrastructure and benefits as our institutional customers. This opens doors for a significantly larger number of individuals to safely and seamlessly stake and unstake their ETH without any minimum requirements.
Chorus One has garnered widespread recognition for our dedication to research and the implementation of strategies aimed at enhancing our MEV performance. We consistently optimize our infrastructure to maximize MEV rewards.
The following graph illustrates our performance over a 60-day period. Over this time period, Chorus One nodes have captured close to 14% more MEV rewards per validator (ETH) when compared to the weighted industry average, observed on Lido.
*Please note that this is a snapshot, and that MEV rewards fluctuate as a function of variance and market conditions. Please visit Rated Network to view the latest figures.
To learn more about the work we’ve done in in spearheading MEV research in the industry, please visit our dedicated MEV page.
We are one of the very few node operators to hold the ISO 27001:2022 certification, representing the industry standard for implementing top-tier security practices. Safeguarding customer assets and data is our utmost priority, ensuring users that their funds are in experienced hands.
Our in-house team of researchers and experts consistently scrutinizes the crypto ecosystem and the Ethereum network with a keen eye. We regularly publish reports and analyses addressing current industry issues, providing fresh insights based on our expertise. We are dedicated to ongoing improvement, constantly exploring opportunities to enhance our performance and deepen our understanding of the network in ambition to improve the overall experience and rewards for our customers.
For institutions
Our institutional clients have the option to establish their own secure vault, operated exclusively by Chorus One. This choice allows them to implement additional measures to safeguard their funds, ensuring that staked assets remain isolated from other vaults. Opting for Chorus One as the operator of their private vaults provides institutions with the assurance that their assets are in capable hands, coupled with the added benefits of our infrastructure, including the highest MEV yields, enhanced security, and streamlined operational processes.
In the upcoming months, OPUS customers can seamlessly stake on our liquid staking pool and earn staked ETH (osETH) directly from our Staking Dashboard. This empowers users to effortlessly access the liquid staking ecosystem with just a few clicks on our platform, allowing you to conveniently track your rewards in one place! Stay tuned for more details – coming soon! 😉
To stake ETH on Chorus One’s Vault, visit here.
If you're interested in launching a private Vault operated by Chorus One, please reach out to us at staking@chorus.one.
To delve deeper into Stakewise v3, check out our explainer guide here. For a step-by-step guide on how you can start staking on Chorus One’s Vault MEV-Max, please refer to this article.
About Chorus One
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 45+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.
In March 2020, Vitalik Buterin expressed frustration over the lack of a trustless solution for swapping between BTC and ETH. Fast forward to November 2023, and Chainflip has finally arrived, transforming swaps with a straightforward and seamless process for exchanging digital assets. Chorus One is proud to support the network as one of the genesis validators!
Chainflip is a cross-chain decentralized exchange based on a proof-of-stake validator network that offers users the simplest way to swap assets across different chains. Fully permissionless, it simplifies trading for users who can select the coins they want to trade and submit the transaction. No wrapped tokens, synthetic assets, KYC, P2P counterparties, or any other time-consuming complexities are requisite. Chainflip is designed to minimize slippage and offer great pricing for high-liquidity trading pairs.
Contrary to traditional AMMs like Uniswap, where liquidity is maintained through smart contract-stored pools, Chainflip operates with up to 150 validators constructing multisig 'vaults' on all supported blockchains simultaneously, collateralised by Chainflip's token, FLIP. The assets used for trading are held in these Vaults on chains such as Ethereum, Bitcoin, and so on, creating a decentralized ‘settlement layer’. This is paired with the ‘accounting layer’, the Chainflip State Chain, which is a substrate-based application specific Blockchain. Instead of traditional on-chain pools, Chainflip virtually trades assets on the ‘State Chain’, balancing accounts and settling with the real assets stored securely in Vaults. The State Chain oversees all activities in the Chainflip protocol, including but not limited to recording, executing, or triggering protocol events. Think of it like a unified wallet system in centralized exchanges, simplifying the tracking of user balances.
Trading and tracking assets virtually on the State Chain simplifies the work needed to support individual chains, as rather than needing to write swapping logic in a range of smart contract and scripting languages on external blockchains, it is entirely contained within the Chainflip State Chain environment.
Validators achieve consensus on every transaction within the Chainflip State Chain. FLIP is automatically purchased and burned with each swap, funding emissions for validators and offering liquidity incentives.
Additionally, all of the swapping and trading logic happens on the State Chain, meaning it’s fast, cheap, and dedicated for this purpose. The user experience is incredibly simple, requiring only a destination address for a swap, without any setup: The user selects the coins they want to buy/sell and submit the transaction. No wrapped tokens, synthetic assets, KYC, P2P counterparties, or anything else complex and time consuming is needed.
The above animation by Chainflip demonstrates the path of a typical swap, where a hypothetical user swaps USDC (ERC20) for BTC (native), and Market Makers A & B compete to win the liquidity fee from the trade. Source: https://docs.chainflip.io
For a more detailed explanation of each step, visit https://docs.chainflip.io/concepts/swaps-amm/just-in-time-amm-protocol
Chainflip, a Proof of Stake network without support for native delegation, allows up to 150 validators in the protocol's authority set. Validators secure the network using collateralized FLIP as part of the active set. All Validators with sufficient $FLIP to outbid others in Auctions become part of the active set and similar to Ethereum, each authority member earns equal rewards per epoch. A fixed reward (much less than the Authority Set reward) is split between Backup Validators each Epoch. To be a Backup Validator, Validators must be Qualified and have one of the top 50 bids of non-Authorities.
We've collaborated closely with Chainflip since its inception, actively participating in the testnet.
While users can't delegate FLIP to public nodes, our institutional customers can get involved through Chorus One's whitelabel solution for Chainflip. We set up and maintain validator nodes on your behalf, allowing you to brand the node while we handle all the technicalities. To learn more about our whitelabel solution for FLIP, please reach out to us at staking@chorus.one.
Conversation with Simon Harman, founder of Chainflip on Epicenter Podcast -
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 45+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is a profound paradigm shift, redefining how the world engages with financial services. At its center, open liquidity provisioning allows for seamless decentralized trading,lending, and more complex financial strategies. In contrast to traditional finance, centralized intermediaries are not required as liquidity providers, instead, users are empowered to bootstrap liquidity.
Automated Market Makers (AMMs) - see e.g. Uniswap - allow anyone to contribute assets to pools and thus facilitate trading. Users are compensated with a share of trading fees, and potentially,idiosyncratic incentives added by parties benefiting from liquidity (e.g. a project issuing a token). AMMs are simple - users may provide liquidity over the entire price range, or for a specific pricing interval.
DeFi composability and the absence of asset custody by intermediaries push market participants to opt for AMMs over centralized exchanges (CEXs). AMMs have the potential to outperform centralized exchanges in terms of liquidity provision (G. Liao and D. Robinson).
Conversely, Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) driven by a Central Limit Order Book (CLOB) - see e.g. dYdX v4 - demand a substantial pool of assets and ample order book depth for smooth operation. A CLOB is adept at consolidating liquidity around the market price and has the flexibility to adjust quotes as needed.
However, the process of actively matching buy and sell orders to connect traders is complex and rewards sophistication. Market makers in CLOB-based DEXs must consistently update their positions to prevent their orders from becoming stagnant. This dynamic nature of CLOBs, while offering powerful tools for price discovery, also renders liquidity provision a more intricate endeavor. This complexity is particularly pronounced for those traders who may not have access to real-time market data, as remaining profitable in such an environment requires a deep understanding of market dynamics and order flow.
AMMs and decentralized CLOBs are the dynamic engines driving the DeFi ecosystem. For Liquidity Providers (LPs) navigating the DeFi landscape, a central challenge looms – adverse selection, as extensively explored in J. Milionis et al for AMMs and U. Natale et al for CLOBs. This article delves deep into these mechanisms, highlighting challenges and opportunities facing LPs. We’ll zoom in on Uniswap v3, the most widely used AMM, to explore the complexities and potential solutions in this dynamic landscape. In the final section, we argue that staking, specifically with a validator optimizing for MEV, is a way of recouping potential losses.
Uniswap is the leading DEX by volume with $1.5 trillion in lifetime volume since its 2018 debut (cfr. DefiLlama), and over $1 trillion alone processed by Uniswap v3 (H. Adams et al). Central to its operation is the concept of concentrated liquidity (CL), empowering LPs to offer assets within specific price ranges. LPs facilitate the smooth flow of assets and liquidity, making the success of these AMMs critically dependent on LPs participation, who provide liquidity in exchange for trading fees.
For LPs participating in AMMs, the primary challenge is adverse selection, cfr. J. Milionis et al. This issue arises because parties with access to real-time market prices can exploit price discrepancies between AMMs and other platforms. These transactions often involve arbitrage between CEXs and DEXs. To succeed in capitalizing on price disparities, individuals need not only priority access to the first few on-chain transactions in a block (T. Gupta et al) but also the ability to execute high-quality trades on CEX. This transaction flow between different venues forms the backbone of efficient AMM trading, however, it can have adverse effects on LPs via adverse selection.
In U. Natale et al, we evaluate how pricing on dYdX v4 could be impacted by the presence of another CLOB with higher liquidity, for a given asset - e.g. on a CEX. However, it's important to note that this platform is not live at the moment. This means that making an exact comparison of the profitability of professional Market Makers in a decentralized order book like dYdX v4 is currently unfeasible. Consequently, for the remainder of our analysis, our primary focus will be on Uniswap v3, where Concentrated Liquidity presents opportunities and challenges worth exploring.
Estimating the effective profit & loss (PNL) for a LP has been a subject of extensive study in literature. One widely debated estimator, frequently discussed in the context of the profitability of ETH/USDC LPs on Uniswap v3, revolves around markouts, as outlined in a series of medium articles by Ambient finance, formerly known as CrocSwap. However, it's crucial to highlight that markouts, as an estimator, may not present a holistic view of LP profitability on Uniswap v3.
This is because markouts typically overlook the genuine liquidity and the precise price range within the pool. Consequently, they may overlook changes in the value of the numéraire within the pool, focusing solely on the risky asset's fluctuations. The omission of these critical factors can significantly impact the accuracy of LP profitability assessments.
In order to avoid possible biases in the analysis, we decided to use an estimator that is dependent on the actual variation in pool value, see here for the description of the mathematical framework.
To estimate the PNL, we built a Dune Analytics dashboard, where we consider the USDC/ETH pool with 0.05% fees.
The picture above shows the final Pool’s PNL since the beginning of the year, which corresponds to a general gain of around $35M. Let’s observe that, to achieve this figure, we need to consider the total TVL as capital deployed for the strategy. At current TVL of $206.59M, this corresponds to a 16.9% gain, instead, by considering the maximum historical TVL (~$320M) the total gain since the beginning of the year is around 10% of the capital deployed.
If we focus on the PNL from pool value variation, i.e. no fees, we can see how the overall gain is primarily driven by accrued fees. Indeed, the adversarial selection produced - at time of writing - a loss of $400k, with a maximum loss of ~$1M in May.
If we compare with the ETH price movement during the same time period, we can see that this effect is primarily driven by the movement in ETH price.
More precisely, this is an effect related to price volatility, as shown in Milionis et al. Indeed, when price volatility sharply increases, the price discrepancy between Uniswap v3 and other venues also increases, amplifying the MEV size. The two plots below show the pool value variation due to Toxic Flow and the correlation between pool value from toxic flow and spikes in volatility (24h Moving Average). Here by Toxic Flow we indicate all the transactions coming from informed traders that generate a negative PNL for the LPs. Given the nature of DEXs, informed traders aim to include their transactions in the top part of the block (we used the first 10 txs in the block) to avoid price movements due to market activity.
Before concluding this section, it's worth mentioning that, despite the PNL of $35M due to the accrued fees, being competitive and effectively implementing a strategy that generates a positive PNL is a complex undertaking. This is because there are sophisticated LPs, and the accrued fees need to be divided among all participants. Barriers to entry include access to highly performant price feeds and pricing models, as well as optimized execution. Furthermore, the previous estimator considers the PNL from the pool value, inherently assuming that the entity deploying the strategy has infinite capital that can be allocated each time the price moves. If we utilize the estimator defined in Eq. (8) of this document, we can illustrate how an LP with a fixed initial amount deployed in the liquidity provision strategy experiences a PNL of -30% (without accounting for the fees), as demonstrated below.
Additionally, by updating the positions every minute, the LP accumulates a total gas cost of $2M since the beginning of the year. It's important to note that this cost can be hedged with solutions like Alkymia, in which Chorus One has invested.
We have seen how LPs, who diligently provide liquidity, may face losses as arbitrageurs exploit price differences between centralized and decentralized platforms. Staking represents a strategic approach for LPs to recapture a portion of the extracted MEV. This is particularly advantageous when LPs choose validators that are actively working to optimize MEV yields, like Chorus One (see previous chapter). By aligning their staked assets with validators who specialize in maximizing MEV yields, LPs can amplify their returns while bolstering their resilience against the challenges of adverse selection.
This endeavor is not about exploiting MEV at the expense of the ecosystem but rather about recapturing it for the benefit of those who contribute to the DeFi landscape. Maximizing MEV yields is a way to ensure that the value generated from the MEV ultimately flows back to the stakers, aligning incentives and fostering a fairer and more rewarding DeFi ecosystem. Moreover, the staked amount can be thoughtfully hedged against price fluctuations using external sources, creating a comprehensive strategy to safeguard LPs' investments and enhance their gains.
In summary, LPs, who play a pivotal role in DeFi liquidity provision, can employ a multifaceted strategy combining liquidity provision, staking, and hedging to mitigate the impacts of adverse selection and recapture a portion of the extracted MEV. By making strategic choices in validator selection and actively managing their positions, LPs can navigate the complexities of the DeFi landscape and emerge as resilient and profitable participants.
About Chorus One
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 45+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.
This edition of the Ecosystem Review covers NEAR, which in technical terms, is a layer one, sharded, proof-of-stake blockchain, and in practical terms, targets to become the operating system (“OS”) for an open web.
Each transaction in the NEAR blockchain costs less then $0.01 and blocks are finalized in only 2 seconds, placing the protocol in the group of fast and cheap blockchains. The decision to dive deeper into Near this quarter is based on the attention it’s getting from the announcement of Blockchain Operating System and other apparently successful initiatives for expansion of the ecosystem, which have been reflecting in increased on-chain activity (Fig 1), despite the current market scenario.
Before revealing the main actor behind the spike in network activity, this article will review the protocol’s technical architecture, the staking and economics parameters and other relevant aspects, like cross-chain composability.
For the new and old fans of NEAR, the community is meeting up in person in the upcoming NEARCON, a 4-day event to take place in Lisbon in November.
The NEAR protocol is a proof-of-stake network which means that Sybil resistance is done by staking the native token, also called NEAR or Ⓝ. The time is measured in epochs. An epoch is made of 43,200 blocks. Ideally an epoch lasts about 12 hours, but in practice it lasts longer than that, since average block time is currently around 1.11 seconds according to nearblocks.io - the official block explorer.
NEAR is a layer one blockchain. Because of its sharded architecture, a block in NEAR includes one chunk for each shard, and the chunks respectively include the transactions executed for its associated shard. In terms of network participants, the block producer is a heavy duty, since it requires participants to store the full ledger (aka full node) for all chunks. In order to scale and decentralize the set of operators, the protocol is designed to allow a lighter type of node in addition to the block proposer, called chunk-only producer, who creates blocks for single chunks.
NEAR features a runtime layer to execute code, and supports the deployment of applications, a.k.a smart contracts. Smart contracts are written in either JavaScript or Rust, and the NEAR SDK compiles the contracts into WebAssembly (WASM). The NEAR runtime uses the concept of Gas to unify the cost of execution and bandwidth. Each WASM instruction or pre-compiled function gets assigned a gas fee based on measurements on a common-denominator computer. Same goes for weighting the used bandwidth based on general unified costs.
Gas is priced dynamically for each block, and adjusted based on the consumption of the limit in the previous block. When a smart contract wants to store some data, storage cost is computed, and the appropriate amount of NEAR tokens is “locked” on the account. When data is removed, tokens are unlocked. Unlike gas, these tokens are locked in the smart contract’s account, so the user doesn’t directly pay for it. 30% of gas fees users spend on a particular application will go to the contract’s account, generating revenue for the deployer via usage.An interesting aspect of the NEAR protocol lies in the accounts system: it natively supports account abstraction, which means that instead of identifying users by their public/private key pairs, it defines accounts as first-class entities. The implications in usability, are:
A complete overview of the technicalities of the Protocol can be found in https://docs.near.org.
As stated previously, NEAR has its own runtime, which is not compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine. However, using a Layer-2 like approach developers can deploy Ethereum-compatible applications to NEAR, and leverage its lower cost and higher throughput platform. It is the case of the Aurora project, an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) built on top of the NEAR Protocol. The most popular tools built for EVM development are also available to be used on Aurora.Also adding to interoperability, the Rainbow Bridge plays an important role as it allows transferring assets between the Ethereum Blockchain and NEAR. The Rainbow Bridge protocol is a trustless, permissionless protocol for connecting blockchains, developed in-house, by the NEAR team.
The core idea behind it is to implement an Ethereum light client in Rust as a NEAR contract, and a NEAR light client in Solidity as an Ethereum contract. Trust assumptions are minimized using this protocol, as anyone can deploy your own instance as a smart contract. This can facilitate simple (e.g. a canonical token migration) and complex interactions between NEAR and ETH, for example, allowing ETH holders holding a given token to vote in your DAO on NEAR.
In contrast to other ecosystems, the NEAR blockchain was able to keep up a relatively high level of daily transactions over the past year, despite the dramatic slow down the whole crypto space has seen. Activity metrics have spiked at a daily 1M transactions in August 2023, leaving behind previous heights of approximately 500k daily transactions (Fig 2).
Leveraging NEAR account system, and Flipside Crypto to plot the top accounts by number of transactions shown in Fig 3, the main driver of the increased activity can be spotted: the accounts and tokens related to Kai-Ching, or $KAIC, the token of KaiKai, a Singapore-based shopping app:
KaiKai is an application built by Cosmose, a nine-year-old company targeting the use of artificial intelligence to improve off-line shopping with ultra precise recommendations and advertising. Cosmose was featured in the list of the 100 world’s most promising private AI companies in 2022. With a team distributed across Warsaw, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo and Paris, the company recently raised an undisclosed amount at a $500 million valuation, up from $100 million when it closed its $15 million Series A financing in 2020. The Near Foundation has made a strategic investment in Cosmose, announced in April '23, according to techcrunch.com.
Fig 4 illustrates the relevance of KAIKAI-related transactions in the ecosystem, in contrast with overall transaction volume.
KAIKAI uses AI to curate and personalize vendors’ offers and partnerships. In contrast with the conventional e-commerce, users shop online through the app but pick it up in person. With every purchase, users are rewarded with the $KAIC as cashback that never expires. The token is also used in the app to facilitate refunds, but at this point, it can not be traded anywhere, nor exchanged for Fiat.
This year, the Foundation also launched Near Horizon, a social platform to connect everyone involved in the ecosystem: builders, contributors and backers can create a profile to share and discuss ideas, hire members to the team, apply for funding etc. This came shortly after NEAR announced its transition to a Blockchain Operating System (BOS), an initiative to establish NEAR as the entry point into the decentralized internet - the Web3. BOS is designed to effortlessly create and distribute decentralized apps on any blockchain, not only on NEAR. BOS is focused on accessibility.
You can use javascript, the most popular programming language (according to statista.com) to create, fork and reuse components already published by other users; connect with a NEAR account to retrieve owned components; and deploy and host naturally open source apps on-chain. Not only adding value to the ecosystem, BOS seems like a good progress to the onboarding of developers to Web3.
At the time of writing, the project was valued at more than $1 Billion (source: coinmarketcap.com ) and the NEAR token was traded at $1.04, not far from its launch price in October 2020 - see Fig 5. The Proof of Stake network is run by 213 nodes and secured by 604.9M of staked NEAR, equivalent to $630M, or 60% of the total token supply. Judging by the list of nodes, most of them are managed by professional infrastructure providers, and are distributed globally. The largest validator concentrates 7.8% of voting power and the super minority is formed by only the top 8 validators.
The annual inflation rate is 5% and the staking APR is 7% according to Staking Rewards. The inflation is distributed to stakers every epoch in the form of block rewards. The protocol supports staking delegation, which means that token holders can natively and securely stake their tokens with node operators they trust. During each epoch, validators’ voting power in the network remains constant. Changes to stake amounts are processed at the beginning of the next epochs, e.g. it takes a maximum of 12 hours to start participating in rewards after delegating NEAR. The unbonding period is also comparatively short: upon unstaking, users receive their tokens after 3 full epochs (36-48 hours). Follow the full staking guide in this link to learn how to create and fund a NEAR account, stake your tokens and withdraw rewards.
About Chorus One
Chorus One is one of the biggest institutional staking providers globally operating infrastructure for 45+ Proof-of-Stake networks including Ethereum, Cosmos, Solana, Avalanche, and Near amongst others. Since 2018, we have been at the forefront of the PoS industry and now offer easy enterprise-grade staking solutions, industry-leading research, and also invest in some of the most cutting-edge protocols through Chorus Ventures.
